Studies of the regions of Y chromosome that are inherited together (haplogroups), reveal युरोप has four population groups, namely R1b-M269, I1-M253, I2-M438 and R1a-M420, pointing to four distinct paternal origins. R1b-M269 group is the most common group that वेल्स, आयर्लंड, इंग्लंड, जर्मनी, स्पेन, नेदरलँड, फ्रान्स आणि पोलंड या देशांमध्ये उपस्थित आहे I1-M253 has its origins in Northern युरोप and is predominantly found today in countries of Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland, and Norway. I2-M438 has its origins in Southern and Eastern and is predominantly found today in Sicily, Celtec, Bosnia, Herzegovina and Switzerland. The R1a-M420 group has its origins in Eurasia and South West Asia around 25000 years ago. Another genetically distinct population group is of Roma people belonging to haplogroup H1a1a-M82, has its origins in the north-western region of the Indian sub-continent
युरोपियन continent has seen a number of infightings and migrations. With the result, the continent has been described as turning into a melting pot with populations of various origins and cultures living and thriving together. In order to understand the paternal origins of the populations living in युरोप आज, अभ्यास करणे उपयुक्त आहे Y गुणसूत्र variability and how it contributes to the distribution and development of male अनुवांशिक pool. Studies on the polymorphism of the Y chromosome show the presence of four major haplogroups, namely R1b-M269, I1-M253, I2-M438 and R1a-M4201.
R1b-M269 गट हा सर्वात सामान्य गट आहे जो सुमारे 4000-10000 वर्षांपूर्वी फ्रान्स आणि स्पेनच्या बास्क प्रदेशात उद्भवला होता2 and is present in ~110 million युरोपियन men. It is present in countries of Wales, Ireland, England, Germany, Spain, Netherlands, France and Poland and increases in frequency on an east to west gradient, its prevalence in Poland at 22.7%, compared to Wales at 92.3%. Interestingly, this haplotype has been associated with different European colonisations, mainly in several American countries.
I1-M253 has its origins in Northern युरोप around 5070 years ago and is predominantly found today in countries of Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland, Norway.
I2-M438 has its origins in Southern and Eastern युरोप around 33000 years ago and is predominantly found today in Sicily, Celtec, Bosnia, Herzegovina and Switzerland.
R1a-M420 has its origins in Eurasia and South West Asia around 25000 years ago, and is currently found in populations extending from Scandinavia and Central युरोप to southern Siberia and South Asia.
आणखी युरोपियन population group with haplogroup on Y chromosome of H1a1a-M823, 10-12 दशलक्ष लोकांचा समावेश असून, सध्या रोमानिया, बल्गेरिया, हंगेरी इत्यादी सारख्या पूर्व आणि मध्य युरोपीय प्रदेशात केंद्रित आहे, त्याचे मूळ भारतीय उपखंडाच्या उत्तर-पश्चिम भागात होते. हे लोक रोमा म्हणून ओळखले जातात4 लोक
Thus, in spite of migrations, युरोपियन population comes across as having these अनुवांशिकदृष्ट्या distinct groups based on haplotypes, that have maintained their paternal identity.
***
संदर्भ:
- Navarro-López B, Granizo-Rodríguez E, Palencia-Madrid L et al. युरोपमधील वाई क्रोमोसोम हॅप्लोग्रुप्सचे फिलोजिओग्राफिक पुनरावलोकन. इंट जे लीगल मेड 135, 1675–1684 (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-021-02644-6
- लुकोट जी. पश्चिम-युरोपमधील प्रमुख Y-क्रोमोसोम हॅप्लोग्रुप R1b-M269, तीन SNPs S21/U106, S145/L21 आणि S28/U152 द्वारे विभागलेला, भौगोलिक भिन्नतेचा स्पष्ट नमुना दर्शवतो. मानववंशशास्त्रातील प्रगती, 5, 22-30 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/aa.2015.51003.
- राय एन, चौबे जी, तमांग आर, इत्यादी. Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 ची फिलोजियोग्राफी युरोपियन रोमानी लोकसंख्येचे संभाव्य भारतीय मूळ प्रकट करते. PLOS ONE 7(11): e48477 (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048477
- जयरामन के एस. युरोपियन रोमानी वायव्य भारतातून आले. नेचर इंडिया (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nindia.2012.179
***
